a. Noun
A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn. The highlighted words in the following sentences are all nouns:
· Late last year our neighbors bought a goat.
· Selena Gomez is an singer.
· The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes.
· Last week I went to the theatre.
· I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street.
A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb.
b. Article
An article (abbreviated art) is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and (in some contexts) some.
A definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the.
Example :
· I want a cup of coffee.
· I must write a letter
· I am an art student and I paint a lot of picture.
· The train will arrive in a few minutes.
· We are watching the match.
c. Pronoun
A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. We can use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make our sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.
Example:
· After many years, they returned to their homeland.
· We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
· He gets a good salary.
· We have an old musical instrument.
· His name is Derianur Suparta.
d. Adjective
In grammar, an adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified. So, we can use them to describe nouns and pronouns.
Example :
· I looked out of the window.
· I am beautiful.
· She was busy eating.
· I tried to make conversation.
· The thieves’ car was badly damaged.
· I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well.
e. Adverb
An adverb is a part of speech. It is any word that modifies verbs or any part of speech other than a noun (modifiers of nouns are primarily adjectives and determiners). Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences, and other adverbs.
Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by single words (i.e., adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.
Adverbs are words like slowly, tomorrow, now, soon and suddenly. An adverb usually modifies a verb or a verb phrase. It provides information about the manner, place or circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase.
· She walked slowly.
· I’ll be there as soon as I can
· I am busy now.
· Suddenly, I have heard something from the box.
Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs.
· You are quite right.
· She spoke quite loudly.
Most adverbs are formed by adding –ly to adjectives. There are also adverbs that do not end with –ly:
1. The athlete ran very fast so that he could set a new record.
2. Asiya worked hard to help her family.
3. The students came late for the seminar.
4. My sister performed well in the examination.
There are very many kinds of adverbs. Examples are: adverbs of manner, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of time, adverbs of place, adverbs of certainty etc.
In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often formed by adding -ly to adjectives. For example, great yields greatly, and beautiful yields beautifully. (Note that some words that end in -ly, such as friendly and lovely, are not adverbs, but adjectives, in which case the root word is usually a noun. There are also underived adjectives that end in -ly, such as holy and silly.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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